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- Subject: 89-680 -- CONCUR, JAMES B. BEAM DISTILLING CO. v. GEORGIA
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- SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
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- No. 89-680
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- JAMES B. BEAM DISTILLING COMPANY, PETI-
- TIONER v. GEORGIA et al.
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- on writ of certiorari to the supreme court of georgia
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- [June 20, 1991]
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- Justice Scalia, with whom Justice Marshall and Justice Blackmun join,
- concurring in the judgment.
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- I think I agree, as an abstract matter, with Justice Souter's
- reasoning, but that is not what leads me to agree with his conclusion. I
- would no more say that what he calls "selective prospectivity" is
- impermissible because it produces inequitable results than I would say that
- the coercion of confessions is impermissible for that reason. I believe
- that the one, like the other, is impermissible simply because it is not
- allowed by the Constitution. Deciding between a constitutional course and
- an unconstitutional one does not pose a question of choice of law.
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- If the division of federal powers central to the constitutional scheme
- is to succeed in its objective, it seems to me that the fundamental nature
- of those powers must be preserved as that nature was understood when the
- Constitution was enacted. The Executive, for example, in addition to
- "tak[ing] Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," Art. II, MDRV 3, has
- no power to bind private conduct in areas not specifically committed to his
- control by Constitution or statute; such a perception of "[t]he Executive
- power" may be familiar to other legal systems, but is alien to our own. So
- also, I think, "[t]he judicial Power of the United States" conferred upon
- this Court and such inferior courts as Congress may establish, Art. III,
- MDRV 1, must be deemed to be the judicial power as understood by our
- common-law tradition. That is the power "to say what the law is," Marbury
- v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137, 177 (1803), not the power to change it. I am not
- so naive (nor do I think our forebears were) as to be unaware that judges
- in a real sense "make" law. But they make it as judges make it, which is
- to say as though they were "finding" it -- discerning what the law is,
- rather than decreeing what it is today changed to, or what it will tomorrow
- be. Of course this mode of action poses "difficulties of a . . . practical
- sort," ante, at 4, when courts decide to overrule prior precedent. But
- those difficulties are one of the understood checks upon judicial law
- making; to eliminate them is to render courts substantially more free to
- "make new law," and thus to alter in a fundamental way the assigned balance
- of responsibility and power among the three Branches.
- For this reason, and not reasons of equity, I would find both
- "selective prospectivity" and "pure prospectivity" beyond our power.
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